The complex dynamics of neuronal firing in the brain provide a crucial basis for high-order cognitive functions and the emergence of pathological states. Astrocytes play a key role in regulating neural activity on a timescale of seconds, influencing nervous system function through multiple mechanisms such as modulating neurotransmitter levels, ion concentrations, and energy metabolism, as well as responding to exogenous disturbances (e.g., temperature fluctuations and noise). Based on recent biological experimental studies on astrocytes, this paper reviews the latest progress in dynamic modeling of astrocyte-regulated neural firing and elaborates on the contributions of astrocytes to synaptic information transmission and synaptic plasticity at the neural network level. This study offers theoretical support for an in-depth understanding of astrocytes’roles in cognitive functions such as memory and attention. Additionally, the paper discusses the influence of astrocytes on the dynamic behavior of abnormal neural firing in neurological diseases (e.g., epilepsy), thereby providing potential clinical value for the prevention and treatment of related neurological diseases. Finally, considering current developments in artificial intelligence (AI) technology, the paper outlines future research directions for more comprehensively uncovering the regulatory role of astrocytes in nervous system dynamics through the integration of experimental data and dynamic modeling.